The Elegant Universe :: essays research papers

Part I: The Edge of Knowledge Chapter 1: Tied Up with Strings This is the basic area, where the creator, Brian Greene, analyzes the essentials of what is as of now demonstrated to be valid by experimentation in the domain of present day material science. Green proceeds to speak increasingly about "The Basic Idea" of string hypothesis. He portrays how physicists are seeking to arrive at the Theory of Everything, or T.O.E. Some speculate when string hypothesis is totally comprehended that it may end up becoming the T.O.E.Part II: The Dilemma of Space, Time, and Quanta Chapter 2: Space, Time, and the Eye of the Beholder In the section, Greene portrays how Albert Einstein settled the conundrum about light. In the mid-1800's James Maxwell prevailing with regards to indicating that light was really an electromagnetic wave. From this he presumed that light consistently goes at the speed of light. It never eases back down. Einstein posed the inquiry: "What occurs on the off chance that we pursue a light emission, at light speed?" From thinking dependent on Newton's laws of movement, one can expect that the light would seem fixed. Be that as it may, as indicated by Maxwell's hypothesis, light can't be fixed. Einstein tackled this issue through his unique hypothesis of relativity. Greene proceeds with his clarifications of the exceptional hypothesis of relativity.Chapter 3: Of Warps and Ripples Green starts the part by portraying "Newton's View of Gravity" and proceeds by examining the incongruence of Newtonian Gravity and Special Relativity. The creator likewise discusses how Einstein found the connection among speeding up and the twisting of existence. Greene additionally disks the fundamental parts of General Relativity. He later calls attention to how the two speculations of relativity impact dark gaps, the enormous detonation, and the extension of space.Chapter 4: Microscopic Weirdness This section portrays, in detail, the operations of quantum mechanics. The creator recounts how waves are affected by quantum repairman. He likewise talks about the way that electromagnetic radiation, or photons, are really particles and waves. He keeps on examining how matter particles are additionally matter, but since of their h bar, is so little, the impacts are not seen. Green finishes up the quantum mechanics conversation by discussing the vulnerability principle.Chapter 5: The requirement for a New Theory: General Relativity versus Quantum Mechanics This part looks at the hypothesis of general relativity and quantum mechanics. It shows that relativity mostly worries that infinitesimal world, while quantum mechanics manages the tiny world.

Royal Mails Human Resource Strategy

Illustrious Mails Human Resource Strategy 1.The Royal Mail do have three degrees of methodologies:- Corporate level - which manages the general association. Ex: Geographical locales, Market determination. Business level procedure is referenced for each sort of business completed by the Royal mail. Practical level-The Finance, Human Resource Management, Production, Marketing, Research and Development goes under this segment. The Corporate procedure of Royal mail is planned so that it demonstrates their capacity to adapt to the market changes in a positive and negative way. It is the hardships of the representatives and their standard client administrations makes the Royal mail to get an upper hand over its rivals like TNT, DHL and so on. Imperial Mail which was once supposed to be the Monopolist in the field of Postal administrations lost the title of Monopoly in the start of 2006. It had 99% of the piece of the overall industry in its grasp. Imperial mail do have a view to make their corporate Strategic obligation to turn into a piece of their vital administration process. They are:- 2. Corporate Strategic obligation incorporates:- The help of the laborers from the working environment which shapes the foundation of the Royal mail. The administration additionally manages the laborers in an all the more well disposed way with no sort of segregation. Being laborers supposed to be the benefits of the firm, Royal Mail takes great consideration of their laborers and in regards to the working conditions as well. To make its activities intended to have a solid beneficial outcome on its laborers, clients and to its providers. Accomplish a net zero carbon impression by 2015 and to help their customers to do their exercises to have a positive bit of leeway towards the earth and to achieve an upper hand. In light of their Corporate obligation Royal Mail wishes to be not the same as its rivals Regal mail had made their corporate methodology by mulling over of their Organizational targets and their accomplishment. It is in the Functional level the Human Resource Strategies shows up. The meaning of the Human Resource technique and the Human Resource Strategies of the Royal Mail from 2005-2010 are referenced beneath. 3.Human Resource technique (Definition):- Before moving to Human Resource Strategy we should realize what is implied by the term strategy?.Strategy for the most part implies choosing the best choice from a flood of choices. As per Lundy and cowling (1998,p16), procedure is: The craft of war, generalship, particularly the specialty of coordinating military developments in order to make sure about the most invaluable positions and blend of powers. The Human Resource Management group in the Royal Mail coordinates the laborers by spurring them and giving them appropriate preparing so as to accomplish the Organizational objectives and to get an upper hand over its adversaries. The term Human Resource Strategy is very much characterized as Human Resource the executives (HRM) is a vital way to deal with overseeing work relations which accentuates that influence people groups capacities is basic to accomplishing reasonable upper hand, this being accomplished through a particular arrangement of coordinated business approaches, projects and practices. [Bratton and Gold,4e,p3] 4.The Human Resource Strategies from 2005 2010:- Human Resource Management shapes the most significant capacity in an Organization as the laborers are viewed as the important resources of the firm. The correct sort of individuals in right situation at the perfect time is the target of the HR Manager. It is said that regularly in a day HR Manager normally burns through 20% of their working hours in managing the complaints of the representatives without influencing the Organizations routine exercises. HR Executives ought to have a capacity to manage their staffs in a reasonable and benevolent way as opposed to forcing more control on them. The Royal Mail take the endeavors made by their laborers into great thought and depend on the reality about their vocation advancement as opposed to just a vocation. The Royal Mails Human Resource procedures in the period from 2005 to 2010 is referenced beneath which incorporates a few dangers they confronted and the means attempted to confront those dangers. Human Resource procedures of the Royal Mail in 2005:- One of the most significant activities of the Royal Mail can be found in the start of 2005 which utilized up-and-comers from the socially avoided gatherings. The applicants who were enlisted performed very well in the determination procedure just as in the Organization as well. Newcomers by this procedure were put in position as mailman, conveyance van drivers, letter arranging who were ex-administration men or the individuals who are destitute. This Pilot program helped the Royal Mail in bringing down the expense and work turnovers and demonstrated as the firm with best representative fulfillment. The representatives along these lines had a drawn out duty and had a self persuaded way to deal with buckle down for the firm to accomplish its objectives. The business desire for high responsibility and the representative desire for dealing with their social needs made the laborers of the Royal Mail to be faithful to the firm and improved the proportion of trust towards the firm. The will ful associations like the Royal Association of Disabled and Rehabilitation, Business activity on Homelessness and so on helped the Royal Mail to get up-and-comers of socially rejected gatherings. The Human Resource group played a significant capacity in sifting through the rundown of handicapped applicants and choosing the best competitors through a standard choice procedure. The Human Resource Manager who have the Management as a craftsmanship angle implies having innate gifts will have those aptitudes to enlist those individuals who can add to the limit of their reach out towards their Organization. The Royal mail group directed by Mr. Adam Crozier made record yearly benefits in 2005 which assisted with giving 1074 pounds of rewards to its laborers. These were accomplished by the representative performance,better client assistance by appropriately prepared staff and their presentation related compensation system of the Human Resource group. Human Resource methodologies of the Royal Mail in 2006:- The Human Resource group in the Royal Mail had the option to give moment answers for the complaints of the representatives. The beginning of the year 2006 was not as useful for the Royal Mail as it confronted a postal strike in Belfast. About 200 mailmen halted their labor for about fourteen days which had a negative effect on the Royal Mails administrations to the clients. The clients were said to contact the workplace straightforwardly for any significant issues and a large portion of the letters and archives were obstructed in certain spots remained undelivered. The Communication Workers Union says that the strike was because of the terrible and out of line practices of the directors towards the laborers in Belfast and the center issue isn't acknowledged by the Royal Mail. Significant conveyance including specific administrations were halted briefly and the administration made prompt move to take care of the issue. The Workers in strike were guaranteed that they won't be dealt wit h seriously when they come back to their work and important moves will be made against the individuals who were seen as blameworthy. The Human Resource group in the Royal Mail paid attention to the issue and they ensured that the laborers will be dealt with decently and with no separation. The mental agreement which says high inspiration and high duty ought to be thought about which made the Human Resource Manger to manage the circumstance in a cordial and shrewd way. It was for the current year the Royal Mail lost its situation as a Monopoly in the postal Industry and began confronting wide spread rivalry. The administration concurred that their will be no decrease in the work power, high professional stability will be given salary increase scales to the staffs. The Christmas period of 2006 additionally made the clients of the Royal Mail to endure because of the strike of 800 specialists which caused colossal volume of undelivered archives in the workplace. The administrations choi ce to change some full time post to low maintenance when an employment opportunity emerge was protested by the worker's guild by saying that it is against the National understanding. The issue was raised truly and the Royal Mail reacted to it by saying that the choice will be with the assent of the laborer understanding. The strike was halted by coming to the point that the new position openings in the Royal Mail will be done by the administration with the consolidated hands of the worker's organization to settle on choice in regards to whether to treat the opportunity full time or low maintenance and the administration guaranteed that no staff will be compelled to change his all day work status to low maintenance. The end of the arranging office in Paddington, London around the same time was clarified by the Royal Mail as a stage taken so as to improve their consumer loyalty and efficiency against the wide spread gossipy tidbits about some illicit activities of the mailmen. The 950 laborers who worked their were briefly avoided their obligations and some of them were given exchange offers. The laborers responsibility in a firm rely upon their compensation as well as on different elements like work air, representative business relationship, partner character and so on. The sacking of 5 laborers who treated their ladies associate seriously in one of the Royal Mail branch shows the prompt reaction taken by the Human Resource group in those issues which influences a representative to perform well in an Organization and to decrease those exercises which influences the notoriety of the firm. The Human Resource group has verified upgrades in the wellbeing and security measures for the laborers because of the gigantic fine the firm needed to pay with respect to the demise of a worker, which was made as a wellbeing and wellbeing issue by the court. Human Resource procedures of the Royal Mail in 2007:- The Privatization of the Royal Mail was the primary issue talked about by the Human Resource group in the Royal Mail and the laborers purpose of trust towards the firm

The Bad Habit Thats Killing Your Reputation at Work

The Bad Habit Thats Killing Your Reputation at Work Today’s world is a hectic one, and if you are a normal person, it is inevitable that you have found yourself chasing the clock one or two times. Sometimes, it seems like the world is conspiring against you, and try as you might, you just cannot avoid being late.There is no shortage of reasons why this happens â€" you cannot find your keys, your kids take forever to get prepared, your car won’t start, traffic, you name it.This is totally normal and understandable. If your lateness is more than an occasional occurrence, however, this is a sign that you have a problem. And this problem could be ruining your reputation at work and negatively impacting your career.It does not matter if you are the smartest person at work or the most competent; if you are never on time, be it to work, to meetings or on deadlines, you risk coming across as unreliable and unprofessional, which can in turn affect your ability to move up the career ladder. Sadly, never being on time is common to a lot of p eople.According to a study at the San Francisco State University Led by Diana DeLonzor, about 20% of people are habitually late, both in their professional and social lives.This means that one in every five people might be ruining their reputation at work and curtailing their chances of career advancement by not being on time.IMPORTANCE OF BEING ON TIME Being on time to work, to meetings and on deadlines is important for several reasons. These include:It Shows ProfessionalismOne of the greatest indicators of professionalism is value for your time and that of others. By always being on time, it shows that you are a reliable and trustworthy employee. It helps you establish your reputation as a consistent and dependable person. Your boss knows that if he or she asks you to come in or deliver something by a certain time, you will do it.Colleagues have confidence that when you say you will get something done by a certain time, you will actually do it. Clients also trust that you will del iver what you promise on time, which builds their confidence in you as a professional and in the organization as a whole.On the other hand, if your bosses, colleagues, and clients cannot be sure that you will be there when they need you, there will be doubts about your professionalism. If people cannot trust you to organize your own time, they might not be willing to trust you with other, more important matters.Would you trust a colleague who always shows up to meetings late and breathless? Such people paint a picture of chaos and disorder, not professionalism.It Shows You Care About And Respect Your TeamBeing on time for meetings, shift changes, conference calls, and getting your work done on time shows that you care about and respect your colleagues and clients. It shows you care about the goals of the team and that you are willing to carry you weight on the job. This in turn enhances the morale and productivity of the team.Consider a situation where one team member is habitually late. The flow of work gets disrupted since the rest of the team has to wait for the late member to finish their part. Sometimes, other team members might even be forced to step in for the late member. This not only affects the productivity of the team, but also the morale of the team.The other members feel disrespected. Having to frequently cover for the late co-worker leads to tension and resentment within the team, which in turn affects performance and productivity.Enhances Your EmployabilityBeing habitually late shows that you either do not value the goals and objectives of the organization or you are not interested in the work. This paints a bad picture to your bosses. It shows that you lazy or irresponsible.In extreme cases, it can even lead to dismissal from your current job, especially if your organization is looking to downsize. A history of tardiness can also hurt your chances of finding employment if you are searching for a new job.No one wants to hire an employee who wil l constantly be late to work and in delivering their work. On the other hand, a history of always being on time can help you score points with a potential employer. It shows that you are a dependable and reliable worker, thereby enhancing your employability.Allows You To Meet DeadlinesDeadlines are a natural part of work. As a professional, you will be required to meet daily, weekly, and monthly deadlines. If you are constantly late, you do not have enough time to work on your assignments, which results in missed deadlines [link to article on what to do if you are going to miss a deadline] or low quality work done in a rush.This reflects poorly on you and affects your reputation as a professional. No one wants an employee who is constantly missing deadlines and not finishing assigned tasks. Being on time, on the other hand, gives you enough time to meet your deadlines, which makes you a productive member of the organization and shows your strong work ethic.You Serve As An Example To The RestImagine having a boss who is never on time. They are late to work, meetings start late as you wait for them, and projects are always being approved late. What effect would this have on you? In the long run, you would also start being late.Why get work to the meeting early if you will waste half an hour waiting for your boss? Why finish the project on time if it will spend a week on your boss’s desk before being approved?The same applies to you, especially if you are in a senior position. If you are habitually late, your colleagues and juniors will notice it and start following your example. After all, if you can get away with it, they know they can too.This leads to a laid back office culture where members of your team routinely show up late, thereby affecting the productivity of the team and the organization as a whole. If you are always on time, on the other hand, you serve as an example to the rest of your team and inspire them to also strive to be always on time.WHAT MAKES PEOPLE LATE?Lateness is often attributed to simple causes â€" traffic, not being able to find parking, an email sent at the last minute, and so on. Sure, these things might make you late, but they are only the symptoms. The real problem is something much deeper. According to the research by DeLonzor, lateness is a psychological problem.In her research, Ms. DeLonzor came to the conclusion that people who are habitually late fall into one or more of seven personality types. These seven personality types are:The Rationalizer: If you fall in this group, you tend to rationalize your lateness with excuses. Despite being habitually late, you don’t think you might be the problem. There is always something or someone to blame. Either your kid’s teacher asked to see you in the morning, you got a puncture, there was an accident along the way, your alarm did not ring, the list is endless. There is always an excuse. If someone calls you out for being late, you think they are being inco nsiderate since your lateness was caused by something outside your control.The Producer: You are always trying to do as much as possible within as little time as possible. Your schedule is always jam-packed. You plan to take a shower, prepare your kids for school, make and eat breakfast, and drop the kids to school, all within an hour. With all these activities to complete within a short time, it is not surprising that you end being late.The Procrastinator: Your greatest motivation to get things done is deadlines. You leave things until the last minute. If it takes you thirty minutes to get to work, you get out of the house with exactly thirty minutes to spare. If a task that needs to be done by close of business takes one hour to complete, you wait until the last hour of the day before you start working on it. Unfortunately, this means if something unexpected comes up, it is inevitable that you will be late.The Indulger: You have a hard time controlling your urges. Instead of wakin g up the moment your alarm goes off, you hit the snooze button and sleep for an extra ten minutes. Instead of starting your work on time, you spend an extra 20 minutes checking your feed on social media. Indulging in your urges eats into your time and causes you to be late.The Disorganized: Your lateness stems from the fact that you are a poor planner. Either you don’t remember that you have an appointment or you cannot find your phone, keys or wallet, or you forgot what time you are supposed to meet someone and so on.The Rebel: If you fall in this group, lateness is not actually a problem for you. You know that if you want to, you can be on time. However, you are deliberately late as a show of defiance. It is your way of rebelling against rules and authority.The Anxious: Your tardiness might also be an indicator that you are suffering from anxiety, depression, and self-esteem issues. You are afraid of uncomfortable situations and try your best to avoid them. You want to appear pe rfect in everything you do. For instance, you might have a hard time deciding what to wear in the morning because you want to look perfect, causing you to be late. Alternatively, if you are working on something, you might waste a lot of time nitpicking small details in an attempt to avoid being called out for something you overlooked, causing you to miss a deadline.The above shows that being habitually late is a much deeper problem than simply misplacing your keys or slow traffic. Knowing which category you fall in is important if you want to effectively become better at keeping time.HOW TO BECOME BETTER AT KEEPING TIME So, we know that being on time is a good thing for your reputation at work. Unfortunately, even knowing this, you cannot simply improve by telling yourself that you need to get better at keeping time.We have seen that lateness is often a much deeper problem, and therefore you need a strategy if you want to become a more punctual person. Below are some tips that will help you make sure that you are always on time.Go To Bed EarlierVery often, you might be getting to work late because of your tendency to snooze the alarm in order to get a few extra minutes of sleep in the morning. Instead of going to bed late and trying to squeeze in a few minutes of sleep in the morning, why not get into bed earlier and get enough sleep?This ensures you are fully rested by morning and less compelled to grab a few more minutes of sleep. Not only does going to bed earlier make it easier for you to wake up earlier, it is also good for your health.Of course, if you want going to bed earlier to translate into punctuality in the morning, you need to start waking up immediately your alarm goes off. As tempting as it might be, do not reach for the snooze button or linger in bed checking your emails or social media.A good tip for preventing this is to place your alarm clock far away from the bed, such that you have to get out of bed to turn it off. This minimizes the chan ces of hitting snooze and going back to bed.Prepare Everything The Night BeforeIf you ask people why they got to work late, many will point out that the culprit is the morning preparation. Either you cannot find your keys or wallet, your wife cannot find her phone or sunglasses, your son cannot find his mathematics text book.Searching for these things when it’s time to go out the door not only makes you late, but also makes you annoyed, resulting in a bad start to your day.To prevent this, you should make sure that everything else prepared the night before. A good idea is to have a specific place designated for things you need every morning â€" keys, wallet, and so on. When you get home in the evening, place these items in the designated place where you can easily retrieve them in the morning.If there is something else you will need in the morning, prepare it in evening. Pack your laptop, make sure you have what you need for breakfast and so on. You should also encourage your spou se and kids to prepare themselves the night before.Ask your wife to plan what they are going to wear the night before and your kids to pack their schoolbags before they go to sleep. Preparing everything the night before saves you a lot of time and stress in the morning, and you will start getting to work earlier.Plan To Be Early, Not On TimeSome people hate being early. They either hate having to sit around waiting while doing nothing else, they feel awkward and uneasy waiting, they don’t want to seem too eager, or maybe they want to get something else done instead of having to wait around inefficiently.This does not mean that they are late on purpose. Since they hate being early, such people plan to be on time, getting where they are needed at the exact minute they are required to be there. If you need to attend a meeting at 12.00 noon and you assume it takes 30 minutes to get to the venue, you leave at 11.30 am so that you arrive exactly at noon.Unfortunately, this does not leav e room for a contingency in case something happens. If you realize you forgot something and have to rush back to the office, or if a cop stops you on the way, that’s it. It becomes impossible to get where you are going on time.To avoid this, you should plan to be about 10-15 minutes early. This gives you time to handle anything that might come up on your way.Time YourselfAnother major reason why people are usually late is that they are poor at estimating the time it takes to get certain activities done. For instance, you might assume that you will only take 10 minutes to shower, five minutes to get dressed and another ten minutes to have breakfast before leaving the house.Once you get started on the activities, however, you end up taking 20 minutes to shower, ten minutes to get dressed and 15 minutes having breakfast. If you had estimated that you will be walking out the door in 30 minutes, you end up late because the activities you needed to get done took 45 minutes. This is quit e a common occurrence.According to a study by a San Diego State University psychology professor by the name Jeff Conte, people judge time differently. In the study, one group of people felt that a minute had passed after roughly 58 seconds, while another group felt that a minute had passed after a whopping 77 seconds.So, how do you stop making incorrect assumptions about the time it takes to get things done? The key is to find out how long it actually takes you to get things done. For two weeks, write down all the tasks you have to complete every single day â€" showering, brushing your teeth, eating breakfast, getting dressed, getting to work, and so on â€" and then note down the time it took you to get done next to the activity.Perform the tasks normally; don’t rush through them in order to claim they take less time. At the end of the two weeks, you will have a pretty accurate idea of how long each activity takes, and you will be less likely to use incorrect estimations when plan ning your day.Get Rid Of ExcusesWhat is the most common excuse you use whenever you find yourself running late? Observe yourself every time someone calls you out for being late and take note of the excuses you give. After a while, you will notice a pattern of excuses you use regularly, such as the traffic being bad or your kids taking the longest time to get ready for school.Once you realize your most common excuse, accept it as a natural part of your day and incorporate it into your daily routine. If you always blame the traffic, accept the traffic as a natural part of your day and start leaving the house earlier to beat it.If your kids are taking a lot of time getting ready, wake them up earlier and get them to prepare themselves earlier. Whatever your regular excuse for being late is, start incorporating it into your schedule.Manage Your To-Do ListRemember the producers who try to get a hundred and one things done within the shortest time possible? If you are one of them, it migh t be time you started managing your to-do list a little better. Stop taking on endless tasks.Figure out the important tasks that you need to get done and schedule them into your day and leave the less urgent tasks for the next day. If your boss gives you an additional task when you already have a full plate, do not be afraid to let him or her know that you already have several other things that you are working on.If the new task needs to be done urgently, let them know that you will need to schedule the current tasks to another day, instead of trying to get everything done at once.Watch Out For Time TrapsFinally, if you want to always be on time, you should watch out for time traps and distractions that make you waste time.Activities like checking your social media, watching TV shows, chatting, playing video games, and so on cause you to forget time and eat into your schedule, leaving you with little time to get important things done. To avoid wasting your time on such activities, s chedule them for moments when they won’t result in you getting late for anything.WRAPPING UPNever being on time for work, meetings and deadlines might be killing your reputation at work and ruining your chances of moving up the career ladder. Being on time shows professionalism, shows that you care about and respect your team, enhances your employability, allows you to meet deadlines and allows you to serve as an example to the rest.Fortunately, tardiness is a problem anyone can deal with. To stop being perpetually late, you should start sleeping earlier, prepare everything the night before, plan to be early instead of on time, time yourself to know exactly how long activities take and get rid of excuses.You should also learn how to manage your to-do list and prioritize important tasks, instead of trying to do everything done at once. Finally, you should also watch out for and avoid distractions and time traps that waste your time.Once you start putting these tips into practice, y ou will become more punctual and establish a reputation for yourself as a trustworthy, reliable and dependable person.

The Argument And Critical Inquiry Essay - 1430 Words

1. When was the last time you got into an argument? What is an argument? Is it the same as a shouting match, a brawl? What does an argument have to do with critical thinking? What is the relationship between arguments and critical inquiry? The last time that I was involved in an argument, was on the drive to Cypress Hills. The argument was based on whether the Cypress Hills are Mountains or Hills. An argument is a set of claims, that is supported by premises. Although an argument may lead to a shouting match or a brawl, they are speaking of the word argument in a different context. There is more than one definition to the word argument. In our case we are interested in arguments as a set of claims, not a yelling match between two people. Arguments are related to critical thinking, since you must evaluate the issue and form a reasoned judgement. 2. Do you think teachers should teach students how to argue well? If so, why? If not, why not? Yes, I think knowing how to form and structure sound, valid arguments is important. Students should also learn common flaws and fallacies to arguments. Teaching students how to argue well, allows them to create arguments based on evidence. Knowing these skills allows students to evaluate issues and form reasoned judgements, which is beneficial in every day life. These skills can be taught many ways in school, for example through the implementation of debates or the art of essay writing and can be used cross circular in manyShow MoreRelatedCritical Review On Critical Investigation And Education Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesReading Guide ED4391 Fall 2016 Critical reading activity Reason in the balance, (pages 4-15). I would like to hand this one in for marks. Thanks, Brittany Pre-reading activity: Before you read these pages, consider the following questions and jot down a few thoughts on each: 1. What do you think critical inquiry is? What is your working definition of critical inquiry? 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One of my previous papers was a rhetorical paper and my first thesis was completely trashed, â€Å"It is the best because the organization’s use of ethos, pathos, and logos create an effective call to actionRead MoreWhat Is Critical Thinking?1033 Words   |  5 PagesSilvestri PHIL 8110 December 15, 2015 What is Critical Thinking? As people going to school and getting a higher level of education, the teacher will ask them to think critically. Critical thinking is not just thinking normally but to think it deeply. When one person has a different point of view or idea with some other people make then that person should use his own point of view and think logically to prove his idea is correct and this action call critical thinking. In this essay, I will state that

What does Nietzsche’s Mr. Daredevil-Curiosity report, when...

What does Nietzsche’s Mr. Daredevil-Curiosity report, when he metaphorically peers into the workshop within which moral ideals are fabricated (GM I.14)? How convincing are his claims? Humanity, according to Nietzsche, is infected by an illness. It is the kind of illness that has infected every single man, religious or non-religious alike. It is his aim to release his readers from the illness. In much the same way as a doctor, he wishes to do so by primarily sourcing the cause of the illness, and secondly by diagnosing it. It is Nietzsche’s belief that this metaphoric illness is morality. It is a striking project; comprised of three essays- each with the aim of stripping the reader’s pre-conceptions of morality, and instead offering the†¦show more content†¦Continuing the image, Nietzsche refers to some unseen people talking in hushed tones in the workshop. In this workshop where ideals are made, ‘weakness is being praised as achievement’ and ‘impotence into goodness’ . It is in this revelation Nietzsche expects his readers to be shocked, and even angry, that their morals are based upon lies. The Inner workings of the workshop. How our morals have changed over time Thus far I have explained Nietzsche’s notion that our moral system is based upon a set of lies fabricated by a group of people. At this point in the essay I am happy to accept Nietzsche’s observation that our morals are perhaps not quite what they may seem on the surface. Having accepted Nietzsche’s first proposition ( that our system of morals are perhaps not quite as they seem), I will now evaluate his reasoning. Nietzsche begins his account by identifying two basic types of evaluative moral outlook: ‘Master morality’ and ‘Slave morality’. Master morality refers to moral codes descended from the aristocratic classes, and slave morality to moral codes descended from the weak and poor herd. Master morality is characterised by the value opposition of good and bad. ‘Goodness’ is dependent upon the

Positive and Negative Reinforcement Free Essays

Positive and Negative Reinforcement Reinforcement is an essential part in identifying and encouraging a certain behavior. In the most classic definition, positive reinforcement is a method of identifying to children which behaviors are acceptable and appropriate and which are not (Sigler, E. Aamidor, S, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Positive and Negative Reinforcement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reinforcement is often given as praise for doing a certain task. As educators, saying â€Å"great job† or a simple word like â€Å"fantastic† are expressed towards students as praise. However, when a student is struggling and praise is given such as â€Å"you are doing so well†, the negative aspects of praise present themselves. The child is aware of the empty praise therefore it may work against the teacher if it is taken as a false praise. So, as educators, we must determine what reinforcements will work with each individual child through experimentation. Also, building a relationship with not just the child, but the parents and all those involved with the child will be instrumental in developing the proper use of reinforcements and can be helpful in gaining knowledge of certain behaviors. The stronger reinforcements for most children are usually food, candy, or drinks. The durability and effectiveness of a reinforcer can usually be determined best by reinforcing the behavior intermittently or by providing a strong alternative which could interfere with the behavior in question (Ferster, C, 1961). Positive reinforcement is not just about the behaviors of the child but the reaction of the teacher and the adults to certain behaviors. Although a child may attempt to test the boundaries of one’s attention, positive attention does not make a child behave inappropriately (Sigler Aamidor, 2005). The reinforcing comes from the teacher or adults actions and words. For example, Joshua is an eight-year-old autistic boy who begins to whine and cry every single time the teacher tries to get him to begin a task that he dislikes. Most of the time Josh only wants to play on the computer, participate in gym, or eat. Each and every time Josh began to break down the staff usually asked him what he wanted or just gave in to what he wanted to do, not even trying to redirect him to the actual task at hand, which his classmates were doing. Joshua would get rewarded with chocolate, potato chips, and even some sympathy hugs from the staff. The behavior became more frequent and the result was the same. By now Joshua knew what he was going to get when he acted out, which was whatever he wanted. However, to change his behavior the staff began to ignore Josh and his outbursts. After a short time of whining and crying Josh threw himself on the floor but the staff still ignored the behavior. He then realized that he was not going to get the same results as he was getting by whining and crying when things didn’t go his way. The teacher then got his attention with another activity and Josh began to take part in the activity. A couple weeks later, after the same lesson, Josh’s behavior was almost extinguished and slowly that behavior was no longer happening in the classroom. On the other hand, negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a certain behavior. For example, when a student is distracted from his work due to loud music playing, however his work improves when the music is off, then the music being turned off is the reinforce. The difference between positive and negative can sometimes be difficult to acknowledge when there are several consequences and the need of the distinction is debated. The main purpose of giving punishments and rewards is to decrease or increase the behavior of the learner (Dad, Ali, Qadeer Janjua, Shazad, and Khan, 2010). Raul is a student with an emotional disorder and requires a great deal of support to help with his academic goals. Raul is extremely sensitive and becomes very overwhelmed when things don’t go his way. He whines, cries, and loses control when he feels exhausted from taking instruction. Raul is very intelligent and needs to get verbal praise throughout his day to stay on task. His triggers are usually when he is asked to sit down within the circle during circle time. The behavior is him pulling away, crying, and hitting, trying to escape the actual activity. The maintaining consequence is that the adults let Raul leave the circle. There is not much fight with Raul because all those involved do not want the other students to become distracted. The first prevention is to give Raul some type of choice to coincide with circle time. A visual activity schedule could give him a more clear idea of what he should be doing and what the daily lessons and activities are. Raul will know exactly where he needs to be and what he needs to be doing at that particular time. Also, manipulatives and intermittent praise are other preventions that the teacher can use. Intermittent praise is praised use throughout the activity but not regularly. This type of praise is given to become persistent. The new skills that can be developed are a part of the plan and may be implemented accordingly. Raul may have increased time of engagement, such as a longer duration of sitting within the circle. Raul will say â€Å"all done† when he has completed a task so praise can be given. This will help the adults notice him if he is not given the correct amount of attention. The responses to Raul for sitting longer will also be all positive praise toward Positive reinforcement is something that rewards the individual for an action taken. When students do or exhibit the correct or desired behaviors in school, then rewarding them for this action is what is known as positive reinforcement. There are many examples for these actions. Students that hand in homework on time may be given time near the end of class to put their books away and work on or do something they want to do within the rules of the school. Putting stickers on work well done so the student knows they did the right thing. Giving the class a free day or having fun activities planned for them to do instead of working on a certain day. Giving a weekly or reward to the student who has the best attendance or best behavior in the class. There are many ways to reward students or show them that by using good behavior, they can be rewarded for their actions and this will cause the student to want to do the right thing versus misbehaving in the classroom. References Dad, H. ; Ali, R. ; Qadeer Janjua, M. ; Shazad, S. ; Khan, M. (2010). Comparison of the Frequency and effectiveness of positive and negative reinforcement practices in schools. Contemporary Issues In Education Research. 3(1), 127-135. Ferster, C. B. (1961). Positive reinforcement and behavioral deficits of autistic children. Child Development. 32(2), 437. Sigler, E; Aamidor, S. (2005). From positive reinforcement to positive behaviors: an everyday guide for the practioner. Early Childhood Education Journal. 32(4), 249-253. How to cite Positive and Negative Reinforcement, Papers

Small Business Environment in Kenya

Introduction Geographically, Kenya lies to the East of Uganda, to the Northern Part of Tanzania and to the West of Somalia. The country enjoys access to the Indian Ocean which it majorly uses for its imports and exports although comprehensively it covers an area of 592,909 square kilometers (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 33).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Small Business Environment in Kenya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The country has a total population of approximately 38.6 million according to recent 2010 statistics (World Bank 2010, 46). Predominantly, the country is agricultural, with its major exports being Tea and horticultural produce (like flowers) which it majorly exports to Europe. Kenya has experienced a relatively peaceful political environment since its independence in 1963 with its major democratic hallmark being the peaceful transition of power from its longtime serving president Daniel Moi to Mwai Kibaki in 2002 (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 68). However, in the eve of the elections of 2007/2008, the country experienced both political and social tensions which also spilled over to the economic progress and backtracked on the country’s gains in economic development which stood at nearly 7% per annum (Business Daily Africa 2008, 52). The country later adopted a political settlement that now sees the Sub Saharan nation under the leadership of a Prime minister and a President. This situation has led to a rejuvenation of economic and infrastructural changes that have especially been boosted by the country’s adoption of a new constitution in August 2010 (World Bank 2010, 50). At present, prudent economic policies have been effected and the country now experiences tremendous infrastructural changes and a decrease in unemployment levels. The country also has most of its organizations and businesses centralized at the nation’s headqu arters, Nairobi (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 97). The country’s leadership has in the past laid proper groundwork for creating an investment friendly atmosphere with economists projecting that the country could achieve economic growths at the rate of 8% per annum by the year 2025 (African Development Bank 2010, 74).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Central Bank of Kenya is currently undertaking stable fiscal and monetary policies that have ensured a stable monetary policy in the past few years. Kenya being strategically located in the wider East African region because of its seaport (Mombasa); it has a strategic economic importance in the region (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 54). This study seeks to evaluate the small business environment in the region with a careful analysis of the pros and cons the country faces with regards to Small bus inesses. This study will also provide recommendations on how the country can improve its cons and take advantage of its pros to boost the growth of Small businesses Infrastructure The government of Kenya is currently involved in improving the country’s infrastructure to ensure current facilities in the country are working in an efficient manner. Such efforts are currently aimed at rehabilitating, improving, maintaining, and upgrading existing roads, airports, seaports and other infrastructural facilities. Airports Kenya currently has a well developed international and domestic air transport network that at least covers the entire strategic locations of the country. International airports are located in three cities while domestic airports (for small aircrafts) are located in two cities: Nairobi’s Wilson Airport and Kisumu’s airport (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 52). For areas that are inaccessible by road, the country has more than 150 airstrips scat tered all over the country to provide access to remote locations (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). These airports and airstrips are strategically located to provide goods and services to most businesses in the country. Seaports Kenya majorly has one seaport in Mombasa which serves a major economic role for both micro and macro economic business entities. This seaport is termed as one of the most modern in Africa with its strategic importance extended to serving other landlocked countries like Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 45). The seaport serves a major strategic role in small businesses because most goods and raw materials dock at the port, after which they are transported countrywide.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Small Business Environment in Kenya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Roads Kenya has a relatively good road network serving most of its major towns . However, the country’s road networks in remote locations where many small businesses thrive are relatively poor with a huge majority of them being murram. Nonetheless, the country’s major highways are known to account for more than 70% of the total freight transported in the country. The cost of transporting freight is advantageously negotiable and most often cheap (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). In this regard, small business owners are able to transport their goods and raw materials in virtually all corners of the country. Notably, the country’s infrastructure is used to transport large freight including oil and other goods to the country’s neighbors. This carriageway is known as the Northern Corridor (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). Railway Kenya’s railway network is not as advanced as it should be because the rail infrastructure at present is the same rail network used during the colonial period. However, most of the coun try’s rail network covers major commercial centers. On a positive light, the country’s rail network seeks to gain from reforms aimed at modernizing the country’s infrastructure in the coming few years due to massive transport reforms to be undertaken by the Ministry of Transport. Telecommunication Most small businesses in Kenya thrive from a good telecommunication network. Currently, Kenya is served by four GSM service providers with a relatively strong coverage across the country. In addition, more than 80 internet service providers are currently operating in the country through cut throat competition that has tremendously reduced the costs of telecommunication (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005).. Electricity Electricity in Kenya is majorly created through hydropower and distributed in 250 volts 50 cycles single phase (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). The government is currently engaged in encouraging the private sector to involve itself in the production of more electricity because virtually all small business and large business entities rely on power for most of their operations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Power is however generated through the country’s main electric generating parastatal, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KENGEN) but it is distributed through another State parastatal, Kenya Power and Lightning Company (KPLC) (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). Water And Sanitation Water is majorly supplied by authorized water agents and local authorities (such as municipals and councils). Most councils and municipalities in major commercial centers are engaged in the provision of basic sewage and sanitation services for business entities. However, due to the proliferation of small business entities and indeed the population, most of Kenya’s councils and municipalities are currently seeking to increase their water supply and expand their sewage services to meet the demand. Investments Policies, Laws And Regulations For Small Businesses The Kenyan government is currently aiming at increasing the confidence of both local and foreign investors to increase their investments in the country. A great part of this effort has been through a revision of existing laws and procedures of setting up small businesses in Kenya. Currently, the private sector contributes a greater part of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). One of the government’s main strategies to induce both local and foreign investors is to sell most of its stakes to them. In this manner, the government has initiated a diversification from public sector investments to private sector investments. The kinds of investments earmarked for privatization include some of the largest to the smallest state corporations (Kenya Investments Authority 2010, 232). This trend is projected to create more business opportunities for investors. In addition, laws, policies and regulations are quickly being explained and eased through the investment promotion centre (www.investmentkenya.com) which assists both local and foreign investors in setting up businesses in the country. The s ervice has of late been upgraded to meet the modern needs of businesspersons in the country (Kenya High Commission 2010, 17). Application procedures and approvals are currently being facilitated through the medium as well. Kenyan laws currently allow for the setting up of small businesses in form of partnerships, private companies, joint ventures and public companies. This provides many local and foreign investors with a wide selection of alternatives on the type of businesses the may wish to undertake. The Kenyan Foreign investment act currently governs and safeguards all types of legal investments by Foreigners and undergoes periodic reviews which keep existing laws relevant with the changing business environment. For instance, there was a previous requirement that if foreign investors wished to set up business in the country, they had to apply for a Certificate of Approval so that they may be able to repatriate capital and profits (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). This p rovision is no longer there; which means that investors do not have a limit to foreign participation in local businesses, in terms of equity input or otherwise. The government currently wishes to adopt more business friendly rules and policies. These new regulations are expected to further streamline licensing and other application procedures while also increasing the degree of transparency and accountability in providing the same business provisions (Claasen 2010, 2). Information is therefore expected to be easily available to investors, including the procedures and legislation governing small businesses in the country. Investment Opportunities For Small Businesses There are currently many investment opportunities for small businesses as outlined by the Kenyan government. These opportunities are outlines as follows: Information Communication Technology (ICT) ICT is a fast growing sector in the Kenyan economy and many small business owners are bound to gain from the increased ICT ad option in the country. Such opportunities present themselves in form of software development, telecommunication services, E marketing and the likes (Sudan 2010, 67). Such opportunities are complimented by the huge human resource pool of skilled, English speaking, human resource experts who graduate from Kenyan universities each year. Commercial Dairy Farming Currently, the government is undertaking preliminary studies to asses the feasibility of privatizing most of its Artificial Insemination (AI) services. The same opportunity still exists in dipping services as a major dairy subsector (which has in the past been undertaken by the government). Clinical services are also being privatized by the government and this also presents an opportunity for more private sector participation. Tourism Since the government has extensively undertaken major strides in marketing the country as a topnotch tourist destination in Africa, increased tourist figures are expected to boost small businesses that make local artifacts for sale to tourists. Other kinds of businesses expected to grow in this sector include tour agencies, tourist cafeterias, hotels, catering industries and the likes. Other Other small business opportunities exist in the agricultural sector, textile industry, food industry, education sectors, agribusiness, manufacturing sectors and transport sectors (Kinyanjui 2000, 15) Technological Environment Many countries with regard to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have gained from technological changes that set off in the 1990s (Hill 1987, 5). However, in Kenya, technological changes have not impacted small businesses very positively. Many local investors are not well versed with new technologies and this has led to a lot of confusion regarding the incorporation of technology in day to day business operations. In fact, most businessmen and investors who are strategically positioned to gain from technological changes are interestingly unaware of it, whereas inves tors who are aware of it, lack adequate access to technology but in some cases it is too expensive (King 2002, 67). Foreign investors have therefore in the past been better placed to gain from technological changes. Kenya and most Sub-Saharan countries have often found immense difficulty in using technology to integrate the activities of small businesses with potential investors, both locally and internationally (Wanjohi 2008, 5). The situation is further worsened by the wide technological rift between business men in rural areas and those in urban centers. Technological development in rural Kenya is also hampered because there is limited access to electricity among other social amenities that make internet connectivity available. Access to information is therefore hampered in this sense and small businesses in rural Kenya are isolated from existing networks that can provide the break through most small businesses in rural Kenya need for growth and prosperity. Technological changes in Kenya therefore do not seem to help entrepreneurs in rural Kenya at all. Credit Availability Small businesses the world over, have been identified to suffer from limited access to capital. In turn the alternatives in technology are greatly limited due to a lack or insufficient credit. For example, many small businesses have been observed to use inappropriate technology because they cannot afford the cost of using the right technology (IFC 2009, 65). Sometimes, even when credit is readily available, some investors may be forced to compromise their freedom in choosing the right purchasing equipments because of stringent regulations in lending. The constraining nature of the Kenyan credit market has therefore forced many small investors to seek alternative ways of financing like self funding and seeking funds from friends and relatives. In addition, the limited access to long term financing methods has forced many businesses to contend with short term methods of financing which are often expensive (Muteti 2005, 27). Other types of financial challenges many small businesses in Kenya face include high banking costs, high interest rates and exorbitant fees in borrowing funds. The year 2008, brought this issue to fore because most of the country’s small business investors were hoodwinked into joining pyramid schemes that never bore fruit. However, from the whole scam, it was evidently cleat that many people were desperate for a lending mechanism that enabled them to pay back borrowed money in small interest rates. Investment Protection Agreements The government has made specific legislations in its constitution to safeguard both local and foreign investors against unforeseen business calamities. One such guarantee is the protection against expropriation of businesses or private properties which is often undertaken by governments for public interest. In case such an eventuality occurs, the law guarantees investors compensation. Another such guarantee is the repatriation of profits and interests under the Foreign Investment Protection Act which allows foreign investors to repatriate their profits after tax (including retained moneys which have not been capitalized) (Kenya Investments Authority 2010, 112). In the same regard, they can also repatriate any interest payments associated with borrowed loans. Also, Kenya is a member of the World Bank Multilateral investments Guarantee Agency which safeguards businessmen from risks of a non commercial nature (Kenya Investments Authority 2010, 16). Investment Promotion Centre Investment promotion centre was established through an act of parliament to assist micro and macro businesses to operate in the country. This body helps small businesses facilitate their licensing requirements before they commence business and also support the promotion of local investments in both local and international stages (Kenya Investments Authority 2010). The body works closely with relevant government ministries a nd most notably the Ministry for local government in establishment of local businesses to assist investors procure licenses and required permits for business. Currently, the body assists small business investors in obtaining licenses within six months or less. Small businesses are not governed by any equity ceiling, although foreign investors are required to partner with local investors when undertaking small businesses in the country (Kenya Investments Authority 2010). With regards to business opportunities created from government privatization of its departments, the Investment promotion centre can assist small businesses acquire businesses within four weeks upon availability of the necessary documentations (Kenya Investments Authority 2010). Recommendation Kenya has a favorably good business environment for small businesses to thrive. However, since small businesses thrive majorly in remote commercial areas, it is important that the government expand the infrastructure in the rur al areas to support the growth of small businesses. Such developments can be facilitated through private-public partnerships which are expected to hasten such developments. Also, a great deal of the country’s small businesses is concentrated in major commercial centers of the country, thereby disproportionately growing small businesses. The government should therefore provide more incentives for growth of small businesses in rural areas which account for a greater majority of the country’s population. This can be achieved through a reduction of taxes or a reduction of land rates as a factor of production. Licensing has also notably been more bureaucratic than it should be. Considering most nations have achieved fast and more efficient ways of licensing, it is important that the country also follow the same precedent (Organization for Economic Cooperation 2010, 3). Some licensing requirements are noted to take more than six months before being processes, meaning that th e system needs to be automated to increase the speed of such processes. Some of the country’s laws regarding foreign investments also backtrack on the country’s quest to improve foreign investments in the country. For example, the legal requirement that foreign investors ought to partner with local investors in owning agricultural land or setting up small business is retrogressive. Such laws are therefore redundant and should be changed through increased pressures by the business community in improving the business landscape of the country. Conclusion Kenya is a major economic hub of the wider East African region. Its business environment is supported by the government’s commitment to change existing and archaic policies that have previously stunted the economic growth. When compared to other countries of its peers, Kenya is firmly on the path to growth prosperity especially boosted by small business development. The growth of small business is especially expect ed to thrive from the government’s review of existing policies, growth of the ICT and tourism sectors plus an improvement in the country’s infrastructure. The country is therefore expected to substantially grow from increased investor confidence and an upsurge of business opportunities across major economic sectors. That said, Kenya provides a good business environment for the growth of small businesses. Reference List African Development Bank. 2010. African economic outlook, volume 1. New York: OECD Publishing. Business Daily Africa. 2008. Kenya loses Grip on Business reforms, March 4, www.businessdailyafrica.com/-/539552/655052/-/584plu/-/index.html . Claasen, Mario. 2010. Social Accountability in Africa. Practioners’ Experiences and  Lessons. Johannesburg: African Books Collective. Exports Processing Zones Authority. 2005. Doing Business in Kenya. Nairobi: International Research Network. Hill, Thomas. 1987. Small Business Production/Operations Management. N airobi: Macmillan Education Ltd. IFC. 2009. Press Releases and Features: Doing business in Kenya, September 9, www.ifc.org/ifcext/media.nsf/†¦/DB2010_Kenya_Sep09 . Kenya High Commission. 2010. Doing Business in Kenya, June 10, www.kenyahighcommission.net/†¦/doing-business-in-kenya.html . Kenya Investments Authority. 2010. Kenya Investments Authority: Home, March 10, www.investmentkenya.com/. King, McGrath. 2002. Globalization, Enterprise and Knowledge. Oxford: Symposium. Kinyanjui, Maina. 2000. Tapping Opportunities In Enterprise Clusters In Kenya: The  Case Of Enterprises In Ziwani And Kigandaini. Nairobi: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi. Muteti, James. 2005. SMEs in Kenya. Nairobi: The Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA). Organization for Economic Cooperation. 2010. Perspectives on Global  Development 2010: Shifting Wealth. New York: OECD Publishing. Sudan, Randeep. 2010. The Global Opportunity in IT-Based Services: Assessing and   Enhancing Country Competitiveness. London: World Bank Publications. Wanjohi, Mugure. 2008. Factors Affecting The Growth Of Mses In Rural Areas Of  Kenya: A Case Of ICT Firms In Kiserian Township, Kajiado District of Kenya. Nairobi: Longhorn Publishers. World Bank. 2010. Doing Business in Kenya 2010, January 20,  psdblog.worldbank.org/†¦/doing-business-in-kenya-2010.html . This report on Small Business Environment in Kenya was written and submitted by user Wesley S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.